Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely animal farm

When the animals take over the farm the pigs become the animals’ leaders, as they are the smartest of the animals. Major starts out telling the animals about his dream and convincing them that’s how the farm should be like. The pigs encourage that all animals are equal and have 7 commandments to keep the farm in order. After the animals start to agree with Napoleon more and more, Boxer says â€Å"If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right† (Orwell 56) that is how Napoleon gained his motto as â€Å"Napoleon is always right†.The animals became intimidated by the pigs and were too afraid to ever question their decisions. None of the other animals were smart enough to think differently. When Napoleon realizes how much power he has, he starts to take advantage of it. Napoleon starts to tweak the commandments to his advantage. Napoleon creates a rule saying, â€Å"The milk and windfall apples should be reserved for the pigs alone† (Orwell 36). Napoleon has only made this rule to benefit himself and his kind. When Squealer says, â€Å"Surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back?† he is trying to scare the other animals into thinking Napoleons doing the right thing. The pigs should not be treated any better than the other animals. This is what started Napoleons corrupt set of values. Napoleon continues to make corrupt changes to the commandments and rules as he gains more and more authority. When â€Å"Napoleon accepted, through Whymper, a contract for 400 eggs a week† (Orwell 76) it was really unfair to the hens and he should have no control over that. Napoleon did not give any sympathy to the hens even after they revolted.Napoleon started to traumatize the hens for declining to give their eggs. Napoleon brought the situation way out of proportion and brutally starved some of the hens to death to get the eggs on time. Napoleon has no right to put the hens through hell just to because he says so. Napoleon started off as a true leader keeping the farm under control but once his control got so immense he turned corrupt. Napoleon made and changed rules to benefit himself. Napoleon became very selfish and unfair to all the other animals.No other animal ever had the guts or smarts to question Napoleons power and decisions; which worsened the situation and made Napoleon become more corrupt. Napoleon had a stern set of rules but if he happened to break a rule his fellow pigs would use a euphemism by adding a few words to the rule to soften the true meaning. If everyone could quickly turn to page 109, last paragraph. The other animals were not very smart so they were fooled into thinking they had just remembered the commandments wrong in the first place.Napoleon had such corrupt morals that he thought any rule he broke he could simply alter it so he was no longer breaking the rules. Napoleon ends up changing the entire commandments after he had gained all the power and money he wan ted. In the end, the most corrupt thing Napoleon did is when he changed all the commandments to â€Å"All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others† (134). This brought the farm back to exactly how it had started. This very corrupt decision made the animals think they could not question his unfair decisions simply because some animals are more equal than others.This took away all the freedom and equality that had kept the farm together. â€Å"Absolute power corrupts absolutely† this is exactly what happened to animal farm. Napoleon had started out so against humans and made rules against having any similarities with them. After Napoleon had become more and more corrupt he turned into exactly what he was against†¦ humans. Napoleon let his corrupt decisions get the best of him and alter his mind thinking he was above the rest. The animals were left with no power or leadership and all they had was a selfish, lying, corrupt dictator who acted just as a human.

High School and Basic Education Essay

According to the K to 12 DepEd Primer (2011), â€Å"K-12 means â€Å"Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary and secondary education. † Kindergarten points to the 5-year old child who undertakes the standardized curriculum for preschoolers. Elementary education refers to 6 years of primary school (Grades 1-6) while secondary education means four years of junior high school (Grades 7-10 or HS Year 1-4). In addition to this, two years are now allotted for senior high school (Grades 11-12 or HS Year 5-6). Prof. Lorina Calingasan of the College of Education in UP Diliman explains that â€Å"K-12 means extending basic education by two years, so instead of having a high school graduate at 16 (years old), we will have high school graduate at 18. † The DepEd discussion paper (2010) on the enhanced K-12 basic education program explains that this new setup â€Å"seeks to provide a quality 12-year basic education program that each Filipino is entitled to†. Furthermore, the purpose is not simply to add 2 more years of education â€Å"but more importantly to enhance the basic education curriculum†. What is the rationale for this program? There is an urgent need to enhance the quality of basic education in our country as seen in the education outcomes of Filipino students and the comparative disadvantage of the Philippines with regard to other countries. The following data would support this explanation: At present, the Philippines is the only country in Asia and among the three remaining countries in the world that uses a 10-year basic education cycle. According to a presentation made by the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO-INNOTECH) on Additional Years in Philippine Basic Education (2010), the comparative data on duration of Basic and Pre-University Education in Asia shows that the Philippines allots 10 years not just for the basic education cycle but also for the pre-university education while all the other countries have either 11 or 12 years in their basic education cycle. Achievement scores highlight our students’ poor performance in national examinations. The National Achievement Test (NAT) results for grade 6 in SY 2009-2010 showed only a 69. 21% passing rate while the NAT results for high school is at a low 46. 38%. Moreover, international tests results in 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) show that the Philippines ranked 34th out of 38 countries in HS Math and 43rd out of 46 countries in HS II Science. Moreover, the Philippines ranked the lowest in 2008 even with only the science high schools joining the Advanced Mathematics category. Some reasons why not disagree with K- 12 education plan in the Philippines First if K- 12 will be implemented, students will be able to get sufficient instructional time to do subject- related tasks which makes them more prepared and well- trained on that subject area. On the other hand, if we remain on the old system, Filipino students would continually get low achievement scores. For instance, international test results revealed that we often come at the tail end in the exams compared to other countries. Second reason why we should support K- 12 is that the graduates of this program will be more prepared to enter the labor force. As we all noticed, high school graduates of the current curriculum are not yet employable for the reason that they are not yet competent and well – equipped with the skills needed in the workplaces. In addition, most high school graduates are not yet reaching the legal age of 18. With the new curriculum, senior high school students can choose a field that they are good at and that they are interested in. As a result, they will be equipped with the skills needed for a specific job even without a college degree. At the age of 18, the age when they graduate from high school, they will be employable and competitive already. Thus, adding up to the nation’s manpower. Finally, with K- 12, Filipino graduates will be automatically recognized as professionals abroad because we are following the international education standard as practiced by all nations. There will be no need to study again and spend more money in order to qualify to their standards. With this, Filipino professionals who aspire to work abroad will not find a hard time in getting jobs in line with their chosen field and will be able to help their families more in the Philippines as well as the country’s economy with their remittances, property buying, and creation of businesses. Filipinos are known to be competitive in the international community. While this may be true, our current education system hinders us in becoming more competitive among other countries. The K- 12 education plan offers a great solution to that problem. However, it is undeniable that there seems to be problems arising as we implement the program such as lack of government budget, classrooms and school supplies as well as the teachers. But, if we focus on the long- term effect of K- 12, we can conclude that it is very beneficial to us Filipinos. Therefore, we must have the strong will in supporting K- 12 Educational Plan for the betterment of our education system and economy. Remember, if we want change in our society, we must start it with our education system. Definition of Terms Curriculum refers to the lateral integration of school-based subjects to meet the qualifications demanded by industry. South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) is a chartered international organization that aims to promote cooperation among Southeast Asian nations through education, science and culture. It operates through specialized regional centers, three of which are hosted by the Philippine government and include the Regional Center for Educational Innovation and Technology (INNOTECH). National Achievement Test (NAT) is an annual examination given to both Grade ninth and tenth students in the Philippines. The students’ knowledge and mastery over the subjects Mathematics, Science, Filipino, and Araling Panlipunan is measured using a multiple choice type test. The examination is administered by the Department of Education’s National Educational Testing and Research Center (NETRC). Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) provides reliable and timely data on the mathematics and science achievement of U. S. 4th- and 8th-grade students compared to that of students in other countries. Methodology Living this modern world we gather this information by conducting research through internet. We read all the articles that describe k – 12 basic educations. By the help of this modern technology we determine how and why k – 12 basic education help Filipinos to be employed and reduces poverty in our country. Summary of Findings World of K -12 K – 12 Basic Education Program is adding 2 years from K – 10 Basic. Education Program of our country. K – 12 are divided from kindergarten, elementary education (grade 1 – 6), secondary education or junior high school (grade 7 – 10 or HS year 1 – 4 ), and additional 2 years which refers to senior high school (grade 11 – 12 or HS year 5 – 6 ). After 12 years of basic education graduates of this curriculum are prepared to belong to the labor force of the Philippines. Also K – 12 graduates are recognized as professionals abroad because we are now following to the international education standard are practice by all nation. Reference Velasco P. T. (2012). A Primer on the New K-12 Philippine Education Curriculum.

Report on The Green Tea whitening Series Launching Program Assignment

Report on The Green Tea whitening Series Launching Program - Assignment Example In the scanning process, it evaluates the three major competitors of Ginvera. It also gives the result of SWOT analysis. The planning stage also outlines the best marketing strategies for the launching program. It gives detailed findings by describing the best planning process for the launching event. The doing stage states how the marketing team would implement the plans for the launch, and how they would evaluate the success of the event. It concludes with the finding and gives recommendations on how the organization could improve on the launching program. Dr.Tor Lam Huat established The Ginvera Beauty Company in 1985. It originated from Singapore but with time, it has grown and established itself in more than fifteen countries, including Europe. The majority of the consumers associate this company to its Bio-essence products, such as the face lifting cream, and the wide range of products it has launched in the past (Kimoko, 2011). The beauty products involve skin care, body care a nd hair care products. The company’s mission is to be a caring and innovative organization that brings youthfulness and beauty to the public (L.D.Waxson (S) Pte Ltd, 2013). It has a special concern for its consumers and, therefore, strives to manufacture products that are safe and user friendly. It has a vision of being the leading global manufacturing organization for beauty products (Group History, 2013). The company has manufactured a new product, The Green Tea whitening Series. The skin care product protects the skin from damage from the sun’s rays because of its green tea content that delays the oxidation process, hence, an anti-aging product (L.D.Waxson (S) Pte Ltd, 2013). Therefore, the company had to conduct market research to identify the target market, the best location for the launching event, the best product price, placement and competitors. The researchers collected data through interviewing consumers who used the Ginvera Beauty Products, issued questionn aires to randomly selected consumers from the social media and benchmarked the Injex U.K Ltd that was about to launch its new SHIREEN-Poring cosmetic treatment, which was also an anti-aging product (Jonathan, 2013). The Scanning Phase The research showed that the beauty world is dynamically changing and therefore the best planning framework is the strategic planning process because it is cost-effective and aids employees to adapt to the demanding market. The process involves three phases: the Scanning, planning and doing phases (Gru?nig & Ku?hn 2005, p67). The scanning phase ensures there is an evaluation of the market. The marketing department, in this phase, has to collect and analyze data, which would affect the launching program positively or negatively (Ottman 2011, p121). The collection and analysis of data would ensure that the event is at par with the vision and mission of the organization. From the Shireen benchmark results, the marketing manager has to ensure that the comp any analyses its competitors in order to identify its strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats in the market. Competitors There are three major competitors in the market (L.D.Waxson (S) Pte Ltd, 2013). The Ganga Prasad Puneet Kumar has a large product line. It has a better financial position than the Ginvera hence a larger production capacity. Its high level of experience in the R&D department enables it in the production of more innovative products that stand out in the market. An advantage of Ginvera over the company is its high marketing strategies and attractive packaging. The Radico Fashion Pvt Ltd poses as

Foreign Currency Exposures of Medco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Foreign Currency Exposures of Medco - Essay Example This paper illustrates that money market hedging strategy is mainly based upon channelizing the interest rate exposures of the currencies involved i.e. the home currency and the foreign currency. Under the existing scenario, home currency is Pounds whereas the foreign currency is Euros. This strategy has the reciprocal way of dealing with the foreign currency risk in receipt and payment case. As the existing case is the receipt case, therefore, Borrow-then-invest strategy is followed. From the below-mentioned table, it can be viewed that at the first step an amount equivalent to the amount receivable in 6 months i.e. â‚ ¬500,000 are borrowed at an interest rate of 2% per annum equivalent to 1% semi-annually. The amount received from a bank is immediately converted into the amount in pounds at the spot rate of 1.2834 producing a sum of  £385,733. This amount is then invested at a rate of 4% per annum equivalent to 2% semi-annually thus producing a sum  £393,477. Forward exchang e rate hedging is mainly based upon the mechanism of locking in a pre-determined future rate at today’s rate. In another rate, when the invoice amount will be remitted, the exchange rate will not be the spot rate after 6 months rather the exchange rate will be the rate determined today i.e. forward rate. In the existing scenario, the fixed forward for 6 months is 1.2755. After 6 months, when the amount is remitted, â‚ ¬500,000 will be converted at 1.2755 which is the forward rate determined 6 months earlier and will generate a sum of  £392,003. In this way, whether the home currency is appreciated or depreciated against the foreign currency, Medco will take the forward rate as the fixed rate and either the loss or the gain will be the sole liability of the forward rate dealer. From the above two techniques, it is quite evident that the money market hedging strategy is going to yield in a higher amount i.e.  £393,447 as compared to the forward rate based hedging strateg y which will yield in  £392,003. In this way, it can be noted that money market hedging based seems more effective given the interest rates and other factors remains constant. The Board of Directors of Medco is advised to follow money market-based hedging strategy, as the same will earn a marginal benefit of  £1,444 to the company. However, the arrangement of money market hedging will require substantial efforts of management in fulfilling the requirements of the bank providing this money market hedging facility to Medco.

Research papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research papers - Essay Example "Rock 'N Roll" is a musical genre whose 'golden age' is usually recognized as the decades of the 1950's and 1960's. This musical form had its beginnings in the blues tunes, gospel music, and jazz-influenced vocal music that became popular among African-American audiences after World War II. A new kind of blues, it featured electrically amplified guitars, harmonicas, and drummers that emphasized afterbeats. (Gillet, 62) At the same time, black gospel music grew in popularity. These forms of black popular music were given the label rhythm and blues (R and B) and were played on big-city radio stations. Radio spread this music's appeal from black communities to towns throughout all of the United States. By the mid-1950's such performers as Little Richard, Joe Turner, and Chuck Berry were becoming popular with white audiences. Radio disc jockeys began calling their music rock 'n roll. "Rock 'N Roll" is a musical genre whose 'golden age' is usually recognized as the decades of the 1950's and 1960's. This musical form had its beginnings in the blues tunes, gospel music, and jazz-influenced vocal music that became popular among African-American audiences after World War II. A new kind of blues, it featured electrically amplified guitars, harmonicas, and drummers that emphasized after beats. (Ennis, 77) By remembering those Classic ro... se were the days when life was plain and simple and the birth of a start named Elvis Presley and the emergence of the love songs that touched the hearts of women. The 50's remarkably gives us an overview of Classic Rock from this stems the succeeding versions and styles of rock and roll. There was a historic demarcation line to distinguish the 70's from the 50's. The musicians from the 70's were able to sing the song of Dylan and Elvis although most people preferred the song from the 70's than the "old" songs. The music of the fifties has very good rhythm although it lacks political and social themes which attracted the people during the 70's. The people during this decade failed to see the energy, vitality and originality of rock and roll which remains incomparable to the other types of music. The premise of this work is that rock 'n' roll matters, and that it means what it says. It seems that rock 'n' roll music has seldom been given its due as an art form, that it is somehow relegated to a category of less "mature" or "serious" artistic pursuits by the media and the intellectual community (whatever that is). Some critics use the generic term "Pop" to refer to any popular music, including all contemporary rock musicians, as if the fact of rock 'n' roll's immense commercial success implies that it cannot really be taken seriously alongside, say, classical music, or even Jazz. Beyond artistic circles, rock 'n' roll is usually given even less credibility; the ideas and feelings and beliefs expressed and reflected in rock songs tend to be dismissed by non-fans, by the Establishment as a whole, as quaintly naive at best, childish and irrelevant at worst. What's even more disturbing is that these attitudes often seem to be held by fans of rock music themselves. We

Statistical Analysis Discussion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistical Analysis Discussion paper - Essay Example The mean overall job satisfaction of the male employees was 4.43 on a scale of 1-7 with 7 being the highest while the mean overall job satisfaction for the female employees was 4.26. The organization can target the female population in its efforts to increase job satisfaction perhaps by methods such as job sharing, paid time-off for family, child-care facilities, etc. This is especially important in light that there exists a 79% chance that an individual, randomly picked from the database will be female while there is a 50.7% chance that any randomly picked employee will be aged between 22 and 49 years old, the group that has most family commitments. Correlational research is concerned with measuring the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two random variables as measured by the correlation coefficient (Daniel and Terrell, 1995; Watson et al., 2005). It is dimensionless and it may assume any value between -1 and 1, inclusive (Daniel and Terrell, 1995). If the correlation coefficient is either -1 or 1, the variables have a perfect linear relationship in that all of the points lie exactly on a straight line. If the correlation coefficient is near -1 or 1, there is a high degree of linear association.

Communication Barriers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication Barriers - Research Paper Example   Communication is a very important skill since it plays a decisive role in determining people’s tendency to be productive in the workplace, neighborhoods, classrooms, and all kinds of settings. The communication skills of an individual affect his/her own as well as the organization’s effectiveness as a whole (Brun, 2010; Summers, 2010). Although many people can communicate enough to convey their meaning and perceive others’, not many people are able to communicate effectively. Lack of effective communication is one of the most fundamental factors that inhibit the effectiveness of an organization (Lutgen-Sandvik, 2010). The process of communication involves encoding and sending of the messages by the senders and decoding of the messages by the receivers (Lunenburg, 2010, p. 2; Ergen, 2010, p. 2). Interferences in the process of communication reduce the effectiveness of communication and may even distort the process altogether. ... ess of communication, it is imperative that senders and receivers develop the skills to handle the different kinds of barriers that distort the process of communication (Lehman and DuFrene, 2008). Barriers experienced in the process of communication are of different types that include but are not limited to verbal, nonverbal, external, and internal. Types of communication barriers Verbal barriers Verbal barriers in communication are caused because of inadequate vocabulary or lack of knowledge of the other person’s language (Ergen, 2010). Verbal barriers in communication are typically experienced in culturally diverse workplaces where workers belonging to different cultures and having proficiency in different languages have to interact with one another in a standard language according to the policy of the organization. Even if the vocabulary is enough to carry out the conversation, the differences of dialects and speed of speech pose difficulties in achieving effectiveness in c ommunication. For example, Indians’ way of speaking English is significantly different from that of African Americans’. Even within the native population of America, a range of regional dialects of English prevails. Differences in perception are also characterized as verbal barriers in communication. Differences in perception are influenced by socioeconomic background, educational background, age, experiences, and culture. People from different age groups have different levels of maturity that cause them to voice different opinions that can often be conflicting with one another’s. Differences in socioeconomic status and educational status pave way for the development of inferiority or superiority complexes among the interacting partners that reduce the effectiveness of communication.

Short analysis and response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short analysis and response paper - Essay Example Again, the photo was created for the chapel, honoring Cardinal Francesco Vendramin. This shows that the photo was positively received as it was liked to the extend of keeping it in the chapel (church) for the remembrance of the cardinal. My initial response about this art is that, the photo is great as it portrays a high level of creativity shown in designing it. However, when compared with other photos that could portray the same massage as this one, for instance, the virgin and child in the small garden by Trellis Circa, it is evident that this photo has much exposed features and raises more speculations from the illustrations used. I was drawn to this work by the presentation of illustrations. I can see the Virgin Mary holding a child (Christ), whose image affects the meaning that he has come to save those under barbaric bondage. It also reminds me of church teachings about the humility of the Virgin Mary. What I like about this photo is that, its illustrations are easily understood, hence the designer’s massage is quickly

Racial Disparity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Racial Disparity - Research Paper Example Even if it could be considered as one of the social problems of modern societies, racial disparity has caused severe concerns to governments worldwide mostly because of the following facts: the problem seems to be continuously expanded, i.e. there is no sign of limitation or even standardization; also, the phenomenon has been already developed at such level that threatens the stability of the society. Racial disparity is a critical social problem in countries worldwide. The problem is mostly reflected in the barriers faced by black people or people belonging in minorities when trying to enter the job market (The Independent 2008, NBC Washington 2011); the health care treatment provided to black people and people in minorities also reveals the existence of racial disparity (McNeil 2011). In criminal justice also, cases of racial disparity can be identified. ... ted though that the failure in managing racial disparity is not reflected just in the punishment imposed on offenders; it seems that criminal behavior is increased in black people and people belonging in minorities, a fact which shows the lack of measures for equally controlling crime across society. In a research developed in 2008 â€Å"10.1 percent of all blacks reported using illegal drugs compared to 8.2 percent of all whites† (Di Benedetto 2011). Racial disparity is an important social problem; however, its limitation would require an integrate plan of action; the introduction of changes in the criteria of sentencing would not be adequate for reducing the number of minorities in courts and prisons. However, the development of effective measures for achieving the above target would require the identification, primarily, of the causes of racial disparity, as reflected in various social activities and specifically in the criminal justice system. Various causes have led to th e increased presence of minorities in criminal activities. Commonly, the access of people belonging in minorities to educational programs is quite difficult; even if they are given such chance, their potentials to continue a long-term educational plan are quite limited (Lawrence 2009). In this way, they are not informed on the actual consequences of a crime, not only for them but also for the community and the victim. Therefore, they are likely to be involved in criminal activities, having the impression that these activities are just an option of life, a common social phenomenon that would not severely affect their life. The above perception is further promoted by the fact that minorities do not have access to health services or to the job market (Lawrence 2009). In this way, they often consider

The New Jim Crow Essay Example for Free

The New Jim Crow Essay In the book â€Å"The New Jim Crow† author Michelle Alexander talks about numerous issues of racial inequality in our criminal justice system. Alexander’s book is something every person who even has an interest in the criminal justice field should read, as it really looks beyond the color of a person’s skin. Alexander points out the vast majority of the problems our criminal justice system faces in racial inequality and discrimination. These problems have really formed our country to what it is to this day. Most people feel that society as a whole is past discrimination and that it is no longer a problem anymore. In reality, it is still a major problem in many aspects of our criminal justice system as well as the everyday lives of Americans. In all honesty I was one of them, but â€Å"The New Jim Crow† really opened my eyes on the discrimination that occurs within minorities in the United States. Reflecting back on this issue I had realized that I have witnessed this first hand with one of my close friends who is an African American male. I will get into more detail about this later on in my paper, but for now I am going to address some of the issues of racial inequality in the criminal justice system that Alexander mentioned. First of all going back to the late 1800’s with slavery in the United States. This time period really set the tone for discrimination in the future of our country. At this point in time African American’s were much like Peasants back in pre-colonial times. This led to slaves literally walking off their plantations and causing chaos among plantation owners. This not only caused problems for plantation owners, but it also caused problems for the economy in the United States. After this was done black codes were created due to the African Americans unwillingness to work. Ultimately these codes were reversed due to several pieces of civil rights legislation that started the Reconstruction Era. During this era African Americans who were former slaves were allowed their first opportunity to learn how to read and write. Another form of racial inequality was during the Reconstruction Era. There were more laws set in place that were mainly enforced against African Americans. These laws were set in place to protect against things such as mischief and insulting gestures. This was possible in my opinion due to the federal government not aking an effort at the time to enforce civil rights legislation. Along with this death rates were extremely high due to private contractors did not care about the well being of the slaves. Like I said previously all these things set the tone for the future of our country. Looking forward to the 1950’s to the 1960’s crime rates were dramatically rising with many people believing that the Civil Rights Movement was the main cause of the raise in crime. Another reason that Alexander stated cause this boost in crime was the â€Å"baby boom† generation entering their early twenties. With the rise of the young men it created the rise in crime. With that being said many people felt that the Civil Rights Movement was the main cause of this sudden outbreak in crime. Another event that did not help the cause of African Americans in the 1960’s was the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Junior. This led to an outrage in the African American Community in which it gave white Americans more reason’s to think that African Americans were harmful to society. One issue of racial inequality that Alexander mentioned was how the courts place higher standards on African Americans than they do on white Americans. Along with that Alexander Talked about how white Americans are still more likely to do drugs than African Americans are. Even in â€Å"ghetto† neighborhoods African Americans are less like to sell and use drugs than white Americans are. Along with that though, African Americans are sent to prison on drug charges at a rate of twenty to almost sixty times greater than a white. Alexander also talked about a survey in the 1980’s that found out that ninety percent of white believed that black and whit children should attend the same schools, and that seventy-one percent disagreed that whites have a right to keep blacks out of white neighborhoods. Also eighty percent of the people that took the survey said that they would support an African American candidate for president, and sixty-six percent said that they opposed laws prohibiting intermarriage. After reading this it really kind of troubled me because I feel that segregation was still a little bit of a problem in the early 1980’s. In my opinion the problem with surveys are that a lot of the time people do not tell the truth and I feel like that is the case in this survey. I feel that those numbers would probably be around the same if not a little better today than it was back then. One reason I feel this way is partially to how my grandparents act towards African Americans. My grandpa who was born in Eastern Tennessee has never really been a big supporter of African Americans due to how he was raised by his dad who was actually a preacher. Also I feel that the results that the survey got would depend on what kind of area the survey was taken in. In a town like the one that I grew up in I feel that the results would definitely be lower especially since it is not a very diverse town. Now back to the story where I had witnessed discrimination in the criminal justice system. When I was in high school me and some friends one of which was a African American male was driving home from the bowling alley at around Eleven ‘O Clock in the evening got pulled over on our way back to my house. When the officer came up to the car he asked me for my driver’s license like you would expect the officer to do. The officer caught my friends and I off guard when he asked my African American friend for his license, but not anyone else in the car. Until I read Alexander’s book I never really thought about the situation since I was so young, but now I understand the magnitude of it all and how ridiculous it is that something like that happened and me not even realize it. Also I have been pulled over seven times by the police and this incident is the only time an officer has asked to see any identification of any of the passengers that I had with me. The next thing that I will talk about is how racism in criminal justice grew out of earlier historical periods. Earlier I mention how in the 1800’s there was a Reconstruction Era. The first Reconstruction Era was brief According to Alexander it stretched from 1863to when the Northern states freed the slaves in 1877. With this reconstruction it gave African Americans their first opportunity to read and write, but it also forced the government to help support the African Americans by providing things like food, clothing, and fuel. This period also gave the African Americans their first opportunity to vote although they had to be protected by federal troops from organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. At the end of the first Reconstruction Era the Civil Rights Movement that is also known as the Second Reconstruction started. During the Civil Rights Movement African Americans played a bigger part in the United States government due to African Americans gaining political power as well as the growing population of the NAACP. With the rise of the NAACP the Ku Klux Klan also grew as a terrorists program killing many officers of the NAACP. Along with Dr. Martin Luther King Junior who had probably the biggest impact on the Civil Rights Movement, President Kennedy presented a strong civil rights bill to the United States Congress. Although he was not able to see this through due to his assassination, his successor President Johnson made sure that this bill went through. This gave most African Americans a chance to go to schools with white students as well as giving them a chance to drinking from water fountains that they were banned from drinking out of before this bill. Recently I watched an ESPN 30 for 30 film about the University of Mississippi otherwise known â€Å"Ole Miss†. A young African American, by the name of James Meredith, attending the university outraged the state of Mississippi. President Kennedy sent troops down to Oxford, Mississippi on the campus of Ole Miss to help protect Meredith and other students from being injured due to riots. Even with the troops, the riots were too much to handle which ultimately led to several students getting killed and many others injured. Before this film I had never heard of the tragedy that occurred within the university. Perhaps this twisted event was swept beneath the rug as if it never even occurred. Maybe it’s the fact that society is too embarrassed to own up to the sickening deeds done onto our own kind? Now how does our criminal justice system, which is based on equality for all develop such discriminatory practices? It is not necessarily the system as a whole, but the actions of so many individuals who believe that discrimination is perfectly acceptable. Some regions of our beautiful country continue to believe that live a discriminating lifestyle and pass these beliefs onto their children. Mississippi is a prime example of location still considered to be very discriminatory. The university itself proudly flies the rebel flag to the tune of â€Å"Dixie† unaware of the pain and suffering associated to both. What is a caste? A caste is a way of diving a society into classes based on race, wealth, religion, and social status. With the most common example of caste is race and wealth. With that be said though Whit Americans are not the only one’s who can discriminate. African Americans or really anyone can discriminate against anyone person, race or social status. The criminal justice system is a caste system, because those at the bottom of the system can commit the same crime as a wealthy citizen and have more of a punishment than someone who can afford better lawyers and are well known. Also the discrimination between whites and minorities is probably the main reason why the criminal justice system is a caste system. Alexander talks a lot about this in chapter three of â€Å"The New Jim Crow†. Alexander talked about how long it could take public defenders to get to a case due to the overload of cases that he or she would be assigned to. One example of this is the O. J. Simpson murder case. There was so much evidence and motive for O. J. to commit the crime yet he was still found not guilty of the murder. Does discrimination end when people are released from prison? Absolutely not! After being released from prison, convicts will face more discrimination than before they were ever charged with whatever crime they have committed. The people who are released from prison will always have to face the fact that they will have the label of being convicted felon for the rest of their lives. After being convicted they typically do not have the same job opportunities as someone that has never been convicted, as well as not ever being allowed to get food stamps of public housing if they needed it. Basically, convicted felons might as well have a stamp on their forehead saying, â€Å"I am a convicted felon†. In conclusion, I feel that Alexander raises many good points on discrimination and racial inequality. Anyone entering the criminal justice field really needs to read this book and reflect on what needs to change to make our system an equality based system like it is supposed to be. I know it has me thinking about what needs to be done. I feel that is the only way we can make our criminal justice system a well-rounded system.

Critically evaluate the role of strategic human resource management

Critically evaluate the role of strategic human resource management The main purposed of strategic human resource management is focussing human resource programs for long term objectives. It help health care to achieved their goal for their business and services. Human resource is an important asset that need to be maintained. Strategic human resouce management can help heatlh care successful by providing high quality from their employee. Several methods of the strategic human resource management have been used by organisation, such as recruitment, selection, developing human resource, and rewards. This essay will explain furthermore about the methods that can improve effectiveness of strategic human resource management, and finally discuss consequences of using strategic human resource management in health care. The main assets of organisations is human resource. In organisations human resource consist of employer and employee. Kabane, Orchard, Howard, Soriano, and Leduc (2006) mentions human resource in health care consist of clinical and non-clinical staff. Clinical staff defined as doctor or physician and nurse and non-clinical staff defined as administrative staff. On the other hand, there are some of the health care that have one type staff. The health care just have clinical staff, so for administrative job it will be organized by nurse. Nurse will have double responsibilites not just maintained patient, but also managed administrative. In this situation, health care should really selective when finding their candidates, because nurses will do different activities in same times. They need candidates that have extra skills, extra knowledge and good personalities. In other words, health care will need strategic human resource management. Firstly, health care should recruit the employee. Recruitment is one of the methods that really important to get qualified candidates with good knowledge, abilities, personalities and skills. Organisationals strategies and culture can be survived and growth with qualified employee. Stone (2008) states that recruitment is process searching aplicants to fulfill the job in organisation. First, organisations should make good planning. Health care should know the main vision and mission when finding the aplications. Beside that, they should determined the quantity of the aplicants. Secondly, organisations should analyse what kind of job that they need. Stone (2008) mentions that job analysis help organisations to define the criteria of the aplicants who are significantly connected with the job. The process of planning and job analysis are significantly important for this step. This strategic will help health care to get qualified manpower. Secondly, health care should selective when select their aplicants. Selection can help them to fulfill the job with the right human resource. Jackson and Schuler (2003) notes that selection is process to determine aplicants by looking their technical competencies, personalities, behavioral styles, and preferences. They explain the strategic of selection by using assessment methods. The first one, organisations should check personal history candidates by looking their resume. Secondly, organisations will give written test to candidates which consist of ability test, knowledge test, and personality test. Third, there will be work simulation. This step help aplicants to know the real situation of their job. Then, the candidates will be interviewed. The aim of this step is to indentified the candidates behavior and their knowledge. After that, there will be medical test which is for showing medical conditions of the aplicants. The test consist of general health examinations, genetic scre ening, and drug and alcohol testing. Finally, aplicants will be interviewed with human resource departement it self. This step need two ways communication. The organisations should explain very clear about the situation of the job. On the other hand, the aplicants should know their qualifications and preferences. Therefore, they will get same advantages. Selection strategic help health care to find the right employee in the right place. Third, health care should develop their human resource. This step will give benefits for organisations and employee. The employee can improve their knowledge and skills. Jackson and Schuler (2003) notes that developing and training employee can help organisations established, because they have competent employee. Jackson and Schuler (2003) mentions that development can maintain employee performances for long terms. In addition, training can help to improve specific skills from their employee. Strategic development and training are give clear instructions and role models, feed back, practice, and evaluation. This step will help employee to get better carrer in their organisations. Beside that, health care can compete in the future, because they can improve their manpower to be more competent. Finally, health care should have good systems for remuneration and rewads. It will retain manpower and make employee will loyal. According to McKeown and Jandrey (1991) organisations should pay their employee balance with their productivity. The remuneration systems should be admited with both of organisations and manpower. Stones (2008) notes that human resource compensation not just consider for employee remuneration but also incentive remuneration and employee benefits. The employee remuneration system is the cost that organisations should pay for employee productivity. Meanwhile, Incentive remuneration is bonus that organisations should pay because the man power can achieved organisation targets. On the other hand, employee benefits is the value that organisations offered, such as annual leave, sick leave, or scholarships. This methods can motivate employee, so health care will have loyal employee. The impact of using strategic human resources management for health care is significantly effective for their business and services. However, Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Brien-Pallas, Duffield and Alksnis (cited in Hogan, Moxham, and Dwyer 2007) point out that health care that not using strategic human resource management can caused the retirement of their manpower to be postpone. In addition, there is no replacement between young members and expertise members. Nevertheless, they notes that strategic human resource management can help employee to get job satisfaction, so the retention, turnover, and leaving rates will be decreased. On the other hand, Kabane, Orchard, Howard, Soriano, and Leduc (2006) explains how budgets, gap between stakeholders values, absenteeism rates, high rates of turnover, and low morale of health personel will be occur without strategic human resource management. Therefore, strategic human resource management help health care to established their organisations. This essay has evaluated the effectiveness of strategic human resource management especially in health care. As discussed above, there are many methods of strategic human resource management that can significantly help for health care to established their business and services, such as recruitment, selection, developing human resources, and remuneration. This methods is great important to help health care obtain the best manpower. Manpower is one of the assets that affected many aspects in health care, so it should be managed very carefully. However, strategic human resouce management give advantages for two side. The manpower received job satisfaction and health care achieved their main goals for long term.

Brave New World: Hypnopaedic Slogans :: essays research papers

Sleep teaching and mind control: hypnotism techniques used for manipulation and power over the individual. Hypnotism is not widely promoted in our society as formal education; yet, it lingers on the horizon. In Huxley's Brave New World, hypnopaedia is used to promote economic stability and control emotions of the inhabitants living in England. The economy-oriented society relies on hypnopaedia to keep consumers eager to spend by them with catchy, consume-driven phrases. For example, one slogan tells people that they "do love flying. [They] . . .do love flying" (33). A resident of London likes being high, using helicopters for all transportation, and the feeling of being safe in an indestructible machine. The gas-guzzling machines cost enormous amounts of money to keep fueled, and so the gasoline market goes up. In addition, the people believe that "ending is better than mending" (35). One is taught to do away with items instead of trying to fix them. Society encourages purchasing new, always buying more and more so as to boost the economy. Furthermore, children are taught that "the more stitches the less riches" (33). Stitching and other repairing of any kind are frowned upon, because it does not cost anything, rather, it saves money. The more one attempts to mend and keep rather than throw aw ay, the less money in circulation throughout the country and thus, the economy suffers. The prosperity of this money cycle is valued highly, and so these three jingles are sleep-taught to all. Hypnopaedic slogans focus also on encouraging emotionless bliss. For example, Lenina often says "a gramme is better than a damn" (37). Society teaches one to take a gram of soma, the drug with no after affect, to get rid of problems or worries. When people choose soma instead of dealing with problems, it promotes emotional stability throughout the nation. In addition, people learn that "one cubic centimeter cures ten gloomy sentiments"(60). One is supposed to take soma instead of feeling bad or upset about anything, which can distract the mind from other, more important matters. Instability in the workplace occurs when one has emotional stress that can take away from the quality and quantity of the work done. Furthermore, people ramble off that "was and will make me ill. I take a gramme and only am" (29). It is taught that the past and future do not matter, focusing only on the present is the correct way to be.

A Streetcar Name Desire Essay -- Character Analysis, Blanche Dubois

In life you meet various people from all walks of life. In Tennesse Williams play A Streetcar Name Desire, we peep into the characters lives as they have different types of relationships through- out the play. As we notice the characteristics of Man, Women, Society, Alchoholism, Violence, and Sexuality. The contrast amongst today population and things that happened so many years ago can be examined with depth and certainty. To begin with, Blanche Dubois is one of the fascinating characters of the play. One speculation for this is she has a smart way of constructing her so called perfect life seem like an illusion, and making an illusion seem like a perfect life. In scene (1) Blanche is bear comparison to an animal: â€Å"There is something about her uncertain manner, as well as her white clothes, that suggests a moth† (pg.15) Butterflies and moths begins life usually as a caterpillar and, later on turn into something appealing. Blanche pursuit to change, herself as well as , bounce back as a fascinating individual from her cocoon of deceitfulness. The difference between a moth and a butterfly is their way of life. Specifically butterflies are rapid in the day time and moths are active in the night time. The moth likes the dark particularly for feeding. Blanche destiny, to live in gloom symbolizes her ignorance. Blanche is entrap between the past and the present. This started, for the most part, w hen her husband a perverted young man, carry out a horrible death in the result of a suicide. Blanche mocked him with shame of his homosexual act. Remembering, blanche knows deep down in her heart that Allan was the only man she ever loved so dearly, above all blanche is estranged and frightened. Scene (6) Blanche husband death was just t... ...omething sub-human –something not quite the stage of humanity yet! Yes something ape-like about him, like one of those pictures†. Scene (4) †¦Stanley is measured up to an ape, when you think of an ape you see they are quarrelsome. Stanley is connected to the ape , as apes lives in the jungle, for that is their habitat. Therefore Stanley’s habitat is the Elysian Fields †¦which can be looked upon as jungle. In conclusion, what goes on in the dark must come to light an old tale would say. Light is the opposite of darkness and the opposite of one being ignorant. Stanley thinks of himself to be in the mix and tries to build up his knowledge, particularly when it comes to blanche past. Blanche and Stanley differences in attitudes towards their different worlds creates a jungle in which only they are comfortable on knowing how to get out of their complicated life.

The central theme of both the poems is old age. Sylvia Plath and Jenny

The central theme of both the poems is old age. Sylvia Plath and Jenny Joseph express their ideas of old age through the poems Mirror Mirror and Warning Introduction The central theme of both the poems is old age. Sylvia Plath and Jenny Joseph express their ideas of old age through the poems ‘Mirror’ and ‘Warning’. The intention of Sylvia Plath and Jenny Joseph are different. The message they want to get through to us differs. Jenny Joseph gearing us up towards old age through Warning and Sylvia Plath making old age sound terrible in Mirror. In the poem mirror, Sylvia Plath uses a lot of dull and negative words making old age sound terrifying â€Å"darkness† â€Å"drowned† and â€Å"terrible†. â€Å"Then she turns to those liars, the candles the moon† in this sentence she refers to the candle or the moon being a liar putting a negative image. Where as candles and moons are know to be a source of light making it positive. However the poem is very complicated to understand because it has a lot of hidden meanings. She use a lot of vivid language and personification meaning bringing lifeless object to life, for example when she says â€Å" Now I’m a lake† first line second paragraph. The lady also portrays her life to be like a non-living thing mirror, lake. This is because she describes her life to be less objective comparison to Warning. Here Jenny Joseph describes the lady to be quite cheerful, happy, and looking forward to old age. There is a rhythmic pattern in Warning. The repetition of the word ‘and’ and ‘ I shall’ goes on through out the whole poem. The word and suggest Jenny Joseph is writing while she’s thinking, as she goes along perhaps. This is telling the readers she is looking forward to her future and old a... ...tive, uglier. The word terrible is used in both the poems. Mirror â€Å"Like a terrible fish† giving it a negative image. And Warning â€Å"You can wear terrible shirts and grow more fat† making it a positive word. The woman in Mirror is dreading old age in fear of becoming uglier. And the woman in warning looks forward to it believing that it is fun being old, like having her youth back. Conclusion I think ‘Warning’ by Jenny Joseph is more successful in getting its message across to the readers. Her message is that old age can be really fun, and after reading the poem I believe so too. On the other hand ‘Mirror’ by Sylvia Plath is also slightly effective but not as much. Sylvia Plath is trying to say old age is something to dread because of how you may look but no everything is about your appearance. Overall Warning wins for being more effective and lively.

Audit Staffing Memo Essay

I first wanted to thank you for congratulating me on my recent promotion; I look forward to working with you on the new Apollo Shoes engagement. I have read all the information you sent me about Apollo Shoes to gain a better understanding of the company, and I feel like I have a firm grasp of the company structure and environment. After reviewing the company’s last three board of directors meetings, I determined what expertise would be necessary to carry out the audit on Apollo Shoes. If you can assign these staff to our audit team, the productivity and effectiveness of the audit will increase significantly. The first staff member that would be greatly helpful to our audit team would be an information technology specialist. In the board meeting held on June 30, the board authorized up to $1.2 million for the purchase and installation of a new information system. However, to fund the purchase and pay other expenses, the board authorized a draw of over $44 million, which seems v ery excessive. Having an IT specialist will help us determine the total cost of installing a new information system and bring light to why the board drew over $44 million to fund the purchase. Another staff member that would be helpful to our audit team would be a property, plant, and equipment specialist. Despite authorizing the purchase of equipment totaling $1.3 million in January of 2014, the equipment was still not set up during the January 2015 board meeting. A property, plant, and equipment specialist could help us determine the accounting implications of purchasing the equipment in 2014 and still not having it set up in 2015, as far as depreciation and cost recognition are concerned. Quite possibly the most important staff member that we will need on our audit team is a lawyer or legal expert, for a variety of different situations. The first and most glaring situation that will need to be addressed is the board advancing $1,250,000 directly to Mr. Lancaster to cover personal legal expenses for his secretary. Recording it in other receivables instead of employee advances and drawing a check directly to Mr. Lancaster set off a red flag for us and we would like a legal expert to look further into the situation. Another situation that will need the attention of a legal expert is a class action suit that was brought against Apollo Shoes for gross negligence and violation of warranty for $12,000,000. A legal expert could help us  determine the probability that Apollo Shoes will lose the case. The company does not have insurance to cover these types of actions, so losing this case could have huge implications on their cash balances. One of the last situations we would like the legal expert to look into was the retroactive declaration of dividends in January of 2015. At that board meeting, they approve to declare the dividends in the previous year, which we are not sure is allowed, so a legal expert could give us better insight into the situation. These three specialists seem to be the most necessary staff members after reviewing all of the company’s board meetings, and they will be of substantial help if you could assign them to our audit team. If I determine that I need any additional staff support in the future, I will let you know throughout the audit process.

If I Knew Then, What I Know Now

I am a thirty three year old teen mother. Sixteen years ago, at the age of 17, I became pregnant with a child that would eventually dictate, run, and be the deciding factor of who I would become. Well, let’s be honest, still defining who I will be. Today, I feel the effects of how a teenage pregnancy, now glorified by reality TV, has truly impacted my life now as an adult. How did this happen?At seventeen I entered my junior year of high school with a plan, I would graduate early, midyear at seventeen and head off to Kent State University, where only a select few, yes I was one of them, would be omitted into the architectural program. My father had always wanted to be an architect, but a civil war and its effects took a toll on my grandparent’s lives leaving my father responsible to help contribute to the family of six at an early age, so off into the work force he went, but he never let me forget that was his dream.So as a young girl I had a talent for drafting, drawin g, and really enjoyed architecture as a focus in high school. My father couldn’t have been prouder. So as a Sophomore I made the decision to move on from high school as fast as I could and get into a really mature grown up life by graduating early, as a junior, and being accepted into a prestigious program with Kent State. My father was proud! I remember the day I had to tell my parents I was pregnant and at seventeen, I would still graduate early and possibly still go onto Kent for my program, but they knew different.I saw the disappointment in their eyes and their tone. My father although disappointed was there to help me how ever I saw fit. So at seventeen I graduated with honors in January, gave birth in March and instead of entering Kent State University in August, I got married to the father of my daughter. What a mistake. Five months later, devastated by deceit and lack of involvement I left my husband and moved back into my parent’s home. I decided I had to get back on track and I tried hard.The years that followed where lead by hard emotional court battles, disappointing relationships with boys that had no interest in being with a girl who was a mother of a then two or three year old, so I decided to ask my father for a job, if I couldn’t live out his dream as an architect then I maybe I could follow in his life time achievement with an auto company that had helped him develop a name and reputation for himself, in our time. He was thrilled I wanted to work for him and hired me immediately. One year into my employment with my father, I met my husband of 11 years, He did not seem to care of my past or how I got to where I was.He seemed only interested in how we could grow as a blended family into a whole family without judgment. So we Married shortly after meeting and have been married for eleven years. However that doesn’t mean there hasn’t been a price to pay. I’d like to say that it all works out in the end. I’d like to tell all those sixteen and seventeen year olds that it will all work out, but I would be a lie. After sixteen years of struggle and hardships I find myself alone again with my daughter trying to make it work.The action I took as a seventeen year old have an impact on my thirty four year old life. I am continue to struggle to define who I and more importantly who â€Å"we† are, my daughter and I. If I could look back and tell that sixteen year old one thing it would ne not to be in such a rush to grow up and to truly listen to what my parents have to say. But I realize I do that that opportunity now to tell her that, and so I do every opportunity I get. I tell my daughter to plan a life for her and love, family and children will come, without remorse.

Norfolk General Hospital

I enjoy playing soccer and have played Beach FCC for the past seven years. I live In the Foxfire subdivision with my mom, dad, sister, and my brother. Living In Valhalla Beach provides me with many opportunities Including great schools, beaches, and professional level playing fields. I am 5'9 and weigh 160 pounds and have dirty blonde hair and green eyes..I am a sophomore at Keller High School. Like many first Impressions, and perhaps contrary to Individual perception, the life of being a high school student Is not all about studying, attending class and socializing with peers. As you look at my public persona, you will notice that most of my pictures depict my family. I am very close to my family and my yellow lab Jake. Jake also represents loyalty. I do my best to be accountable and remain loyal to my friends.My buddies view me as a class clown, because I enjoy having fun. Most of the time you find me playing soccer or hitting jumps at the motocross track. I lead a very active life style involving golfing, basketball, and going to the beach. When I am not enjoying the outdoors playing sports, my parents keep me very busy mowing the lawn and completing various chores. When I'm inside I play several online shooter games. My private persona shows more of my spiritual and intelligent side. My dream Is to someday become a doctor.The rock climber picture illustrates my determination o reach and achieve my goals. I am driven by challenges represented by the crossword puzzle. I feel strongly that by having a relationship with Jesus all things in life are possible. I view myself as a hard worker and somewhat of a perfectionist. The no cavities picture illustrates my personal sense of pride about my appearance. I enjoy listening to Ill Wayne and his lyrics â€Å"Life is a beach I'm Just playing in the sand† personifies much of my demeanor.I want to enjoy life to its fullest each and everyday goddaughter live in the Foxfire subdivision with my mom, dad, sister, an d my brother. Living in Virginia Beach provides me with many opportunities including great schools, Like many first impressions, and perhaps contrary to individual perception, the life of being a high school student is not all about studying, attending class and socializing playing soccer or hitting Jumps at the motocross track. I lead a very active lifestyle My private persona shows more of my spiritual and intelligent side. My dream is

System Migration Plan

System Migration Implementation Phase I Oracle Environment On December 16, 2006 the migration of the production database will take place. It has been deemed necessary to move our Oracle production database to a more robust server for future growth. At this time the database resides on a p650 unit that will be utilized in phase two of this migration. Below find the laid out plan as it pertains to the move. December 16, 2006:There will be a complete backup of the existing server. December 17, 2006:Starting early that morning, the backup of the existing server will be restored on to the new server emulating the current environment.While the restore of the new server is taking place, the existing server will be set up for the actual move of the existing Oracle database. Step. 1: The mounted file system will be un-mounted from the operating system, at that point after recording all the necessary paths. Step. 2: The volume group that the file systems reside in will be varied off, and then exported. After this step the database which resides on the EMC Symmetric will no longer exist on the present database server. Step. 3: The server will be totally taken down and power will be totally extinguished. Step. : The remove of the fibber channel card that leads back to the EMC database location. The data on the EMC/database will go unchanged or accessed at this point. Step. 5: The fibber channel card will then be placed in the new server. Step. 6: The new server will then be powered on with the fibber channel card from the now existing server, and then the database will be imported to that server. Step. 7: At this point all the network and fibber connections will be moved to the new sever from the existing one using the same IP/Hostname to eliminate further configuration changes or delays. Step. : A DBA will be contacted to confirm the migration success, and then the server will be taken down for the data center outage. System Upgrade Recommendation Phase II Oracle Environm ent As a result of an evaluation of performance and future growth of the present Oracle environments, it was proposed and recommended that the production database server be upgraded with additional processors and memory. As phase one, on January 29th 2006 each Oracle environment received the recommended upgrade as described in the briefing dated January 3, 2006 and title: Hardware Upgrade for Oracle Financials in Preparation for OAB and iSupplier Modules.The Oracle environment received the recommended memory and has proved to perform as projected. The production application server now utilizes 16GB of memory, and the database server has a total of 32GB. In a continued effort to move toward phase two, the following information has been composed and now submitted for evaluation. It is the opinion of the system administrator, utilizing performance tools that the existing system degradation only appears during multiple thread requests.In short, thread request are granted buy and throw s ystem processors within any given computer environment. To wit, it has been ascertained that during a normal business run the system reflects system degradation at any point of a new presented workload introduction. System memory and IO performance proves to be stable while the now utilized processors show to be at their maximum thread capacity. In today’s environment the production database unit consists of four processors; with the recommendation to increase this number buy four additional processors facilitating a total of eight.This is projected to improve Dallas County production presently as well as future growth performance. See projected cost on page two. Model Highlights 7038-6M2 The Model 6M2 delivers a cost-efficient growth path to the future with: †¢ 64-bit system scalability in 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-way configurations with the following processor options: o 2-way 1. 2 GHz POWER4+ with 8 MB shared L3 cache per processor card o 2-way 1. 45 GHz POWER4+ with 32 MB s hared L3 cache per processor card †¢ Expandability and reliability: System memory expandable from 2 GB to 64 GB o Rack-mounted drawer utilizes 8U (EIA Units) o Supports up to eight 7311-D10 or 7311-D20 I/O drawers per server o Each I/O drawer supports either 6 (for D10) or 7 (for D20) hot-plug PCI bus slots To upgrade to an 8 way system IBM has given a cost of $25,750. 00 2-way 1. 45 GHz POWER4+ with 32 MB shared L3 cache per processor card. The above quote is without any government discount or third party intervention. However, a third party vender’s quotes $9590. Mr. UNIX Sr. UNIX System Administrator

Resolving Conflicts at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resolving Conflicts at Work - Essay Example This paper is a review targeted at analyzing the following statement: â€Å"Taking off masks and revealing hidden emotions†.   Hiding emotions can very often lead to a build-up of anger, or also make an individual lie or avoid the truth.   Doing this distorts the behavior of an individual, and an individual may even begin to believe that this â€Å"mask† is, in fact, really who he or she is.   Hiding emotions can result in several unsatisfactory actions.   One of these actions is known as â€Å"blowing up,† what this, in fact, means, is that anger has been allowed to build up within the individual, and then something sets the individual off, and everything that has been hidden comes out at once.   When the anger comes out, it may often be lashing out at something that really did not seem to be a serious concern in the first place, which may confuse the individual that is actually the target of the anger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another concept brought up in th e chapter is â€Å"Behaviors that Trigger Anger.†Ã‚   For many, anger can be difficult to understand because many do not often understand what the true source of that anger was. Responding logically to anger can sometimes make anger even worse.   Therefore, in a working environment, it may be important to bring a team together if somebody has become angry, and try to figure out what is not working for everybody.   Meetings like this can often be helpful because they can establish ground rules.

Ethnocentrism Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnocentrism - Article Example The only reason behind such a behavior was ethnocentrism. Of importance is the fact that ethnicity is not related to the biology of a person, therefore being alterable and flexible. This is not true for race, which is considered to be the innate qualities of a person, which therefore is unalterable and fixed. Therefore, we can infer that race is a profound reality based on biological origins while ethnicity is relatively superficial. Ethnocentrism therefore does not gives importance to the physical characteristics of a person as long as that person remains a member of that culture. Contrary to this, racism does not give importance to cultural attachment. Rather it favors those who are biologically similar. Racism therefore fails to accommodate those who have similar ideas and interests but are biologically different. The delivery of health care to growing populations of multiple ethnicities in modern day world is a challenge for modern day health care providers. Lapses in cross-cultural communication and mutual understanding which mainly stems from the ethnocentric behavior of health care professionals result in non-compliance of the patients (Thiederman, 1986). Differences in religions and practices may in turn become the cause of disliking a patient by the health care providers. Superstitious behaviors may lead a health care provider to think that patient has some mental abnormality, while the patient is merely practicing what he believes in. Such matters require careful consideration by the health care providers to avoid causing loss to patients. Similarly, patients may suffer from poor standard of care due to the fact that a particular health care provider dislikes a particular ethnicity. Vienna Declaraction states that â€Å"the universal nature† of all human rights and fundamental freedom is â€Å"beyond question† (Ayton-Shenker,

Proposing to work flextime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposing to work flextime - Case Study Example It will aid the bosses on getting to the right decision whether to approve the said proposal or not. For this reason, the employee should mash up all his or her efforts in order to present a well documented template. If he or she really wants to get the approval of the boss, then he or she should clearly define the things that he or she would be able to do given the chance to telecommute. In any other circumstances, in order for one to arrive at an excellent decision and the right choice, he must first look on different sides. He should weigh the consequences whether that would bring him a great deal or it would just cause him trouble. And in business, managers always choose the one that would of course, bring him triumph. So if an employee wanted to get his proposal approved, then he should provide the things that he thinks would be beneficial for the growth of the company. A manager would resist a proposal that would seem to jeopardize the company’s operations. A manager would not approve a proposal if he thinks it would mean less productivity on the employee’s part. Telecommuting might not be applicable for everybody. An employee must show why he deserves to get the approval for his proposal and it must be on the positive side. Else, the manager may think he is just wasting time on trying to convince him that such employee needs to telecommute. As stated earlier, telecommuting might not be applicable for everybody. It might be because the proposal does not seem right. But most of the time, it is only because of the employee’s doings. For everything we do, there is what we call ethics or the norms on how things should be. Even in work, ethics is present. And according to Ferrell and Fraedrich (2008), work ethics should be properly exhibited. This would most likely be the criteria as to how well you can do work. It is the basis to which all are dependent to – promotion, salary increase, incentives and so on. Some of

Development of Energy Derivatives in Risk Management Essay

Development of Energy Derivatives in Risk Management - Essay Example An off-shoot of this transfiguration is augmented market fluctuation which has resulted in an equivalent increase in demand for risk management products. This requirement is mirrored in the development of financial derivatives ranging from the harmonized futures and options products to the wide spectrum of over-the-counter or OTC products as offered. Financial risks may be construed as the risks to an organization which crop up as a result of price vacillations, either directly or indirectly, influencing the value of a company (Sprcic, 2007). A fusion of greater deregulation, international competition, interest rates, and foreign exchange rate fluctuation, along with commodity price suspensions, and hoisted corporate concerns, have resulted in increased significance of financial risk management in the years that trailed. ... interest rate confrontation, the way and limit of managing such risks has frequently witnessed a major role in the success or failure of a business. As a result, we can discuss that financial risk management is one of the most significant corporate operations for the reason that it contributes to the actualization of the primary target of the company, which is stock-holder wealth maximization (Sprcic, 2007). It is possible to conduct financial risk management in two unique manners. On one hand, the first approach can be the employment of a diversification approach in the assortment of businesses that are operated by the corporation. On the other hand, the second approach can be the corporation's involvement in financial transactions. In the case of such diversification, which has been one of the most prominent tools of risk management, firms which are basically concerned about the fluctuations of their earnings, have switched to the financial markets. This is solely because of the reason that the financial markets have embellished more straight approaches to risk management which excel the requirement to straightway invest in actions which help in the alleviation of instabilities. The errand of financial risk management has been provided by the increasing accessibility of an assortment of derivative implements in order to shift financial price risks to other worthy parties which are capa ble of benefiting from it. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction to Derivatives Prior to the accurate development of derivatives markets, the

Effective Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effective Management - Essay Example The party- the core principal which may be the local city may decide to give contracts to the contractors to do the work in accordance to the stipulated guidelines. The contracts may invoke agency problems since the contractors may fail to deliver what their principle requires. For example schools with the help of school boards may decide to contract unqualified teachers on behave of the teachers unions because of the low price that the teacher has offered. Often, the contractors will do will always do their tasks to save costs at the expense of quality of the work that they have been contracted to do. They may also fail to finish the work or do the work at their interests. Normaly, recognision of the incentives is pivotal in the effectiveness of the management. The incentives that are given to the contractors should be increased so as to act as a motivation to the contractors. This will enable them to do the work without the desire to minimize costs thus compromising the quality of the work. In class most students rated others with high and perfect score, this was an agency problem since many revealed conflict of interest as per the requirements. I think the incentive should be changed and that the perfect score should only be given when there zero

How Settlement Occurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Settlement Occurs - Essay Example Singapore’s CDP operates in an almost similar manner.The first stage of the clearing process is trading matching. This takes place immediately trade is initiated in the SGX-ST trade engine. Its trading platform is the Quotation and execution system for trading.When trade matching occurs, the CDP becomes the CCP on either side of the transaction by Novation. As a result, brokers from either side are guaranteed efficient performance. In situations of T+1, the CDP goes a step further to notify each individual of their obligations when it comes to security and money.With securities settlement, CDP effects the brokers clearing accounts by crediting the buyer and debiting the seller. The CDP apart from having an account with the clearing bank also has an account with each settling bank. The CDP also has a clearing fund to be used in situations where members are unable to clear their financial obligations.In Germany, the platform used is the Xetra.This is an order driven trading syst em.The transactions matching system is automatic. The orders are kept in a central order book free for all Xetra participants to inspect.All clearing takes place in the stock exchange. This occurs either electronically or on the floor.These are forwarded to the Clearstream system.Clearstream under the safe custody Act is charged with the responsibility of keeping and administering securities.The transactions are settled on the second day of trading(T+2).We have examined the clearing systems for the three nations.

Literacies for learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literacies for learning - Essay Example 8. Ward, D., 2007, Volcanoes Influence Climate, 7th June 2007, Accessed on 27th August 2009, Retrieved from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/climate/geosphere_volcanoes_influence_on_climate.html It was back in 1783, that Benjamin Franklin first developed a relationship between the volcanos and the global climate. He had observed a vast change and abnormal chill that had come into the summers and also the other changes like the freezing of the ground, snow not melting and also severe winters and constant fog. Post this there have been several researches that have been carried out to check for the effects of volcanos on the global climate. I support the fact that volcanos do in fact affect the world climate. There are several reasons why the large volcanic eruptions have high effects on the global climate. Firstly, it has been noted that the levels of carbon – di – oxide that is emitted has a strong ‘greenhouse effect’. This effects the heat radiation and forms a type of insulation around the planet. The green house is an essential part of the planet as it allows the survival by maintaining the temperatures of the planet. The level of CO2 that is emitted in the atmosphere by humans is very high and the volcanos add to this level of pollution. Secondly, the ash and the aerosol clouds of the large volcanic eruptions spread through the atmosphere. One of the best examples for this is the case where the Krakatau volcano erupted in the Indonesian Islands and this spread to South Africa by the next day and across the Globe within a week. The other effects that have been faced is the global warming, and the high levels of sulphur – di –oxide that is produced by the volcanos also leads to further cooling of the temperatures across the world. Thus this exposition highlights that there are several effects of volcanos on the global temperatures and the

The author’s decidedly negative Essay Example for Free

The author’s decidedly negative Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide touches on many important themes, including identity and the role of reputation within society. On top of those themes, the author also uses his work to speak to an idea of â€Å"home† within the novel. Though this work does not include a typical literary representation of home as a developmental ground for young, aspiring successes, he does illustrate how home can be a highly safe and dangerous place all at the same time. Just as Jekyll and Hyde represent a personal dichotomy, home is shown as a place that can be multi-faceted. Because of the intimate nature of the relationships developed between a person and his or her home, that person can be manipulated by the safety of home. While it might seem like a place to barricade one’s self from the rest of the world, home can actually be the single force stripping individuals of their ability to function. In this particular work, home is a place where madness persists and it is essentially ground zero for all that is wrong with Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In this way, the author is accepting some of the views on the role of home, asserting that even in a sea of positives, home can play a negative role, as well. In this book, home is most certainly a place of comfort and violence. The author challenges the assertion that home could be a place where people go just to get their own measure of comfort. While it is true that Dr. Jekyll retreats to his home to get away from much of the scrutiny surrounding him, the author is quick to point out that this experience takes away from Jekyll in a big way. During one portion of the book, suspicions are at an all-time high and people continue to visit Jekyll to figure out his situation. Both the police and concerned citizens have made their way into his home, and in the early part of the book, it is not a place of comfort. In this way, it can be said that the traditional idea of home is lost for the doctor during those moments. He has police officers going through his personal effects and turning his home upside down. He has individuals peering through his windows, providing him with little privacy or comfort of any kind. During this portion of the book, the traditional idea of home is absolutely smashed. Instead of being a refuge, it is a fish bowl where immense and intense pressure is put on the doctor over a period of months. The author does use this opportunity to show the importance of a traditional safe haven, though. As Jekyll is essentially ambushed in his home, he begins to long for the comfort and the privacy traditionally expected in that kind of setting. When Jekyll stops receiving visitors, he is reaching out for the comfort of his home. He grows very tired of constantly being harassed for various reasons, even if those reasons are legitimate. He locks the doors and makes home his refuge. He takes comfort in his work in the lab, but home is also a place of violence. He lives through a kind of unchangeable madness while in his home, constantly working on concoctions and hiding from the truth about who he is. This violence is finally culminated in his suicide, which not surprisingly happens right in the middle of his comfort zone. This use of violence within the home by the author is meant to show that the comfort provided by home is a slipper slope. As the traditional views hold, the ideal of home is one that is delicate. In one moment, home can provide a place for a person to get away from criticisms and attention. In another moment, it can be a place where madness and violence consumer a person’s life. Additionally, the author presents a picture of home as the breeding ground for many of the crazed acts of Mr. Hyde. In short, every minute that Jekyll spends in his home or lab is just another moment where the reader anticipates some terrible event. Through creative sequencing and skilled foreshadowing, the author makes it very clear that the home is an ominous place for Dr. Jekyll. Though he does use it as a refuge, the author makes it seem as if he is only picking the time of his next crazed act. The traditional views hold that home is a place where one develops his or her skills to move forward in the future. Most would say that this is a positive critique of what home is all about. That is not the picture of home that Stevenson paints, though. He does use the ideas of preparation and planning, but it is always for something negative. Much like Dr. Jekyll experiments with various things in his lab, home is a place where there is decisive scheming. In this way, it is much more planning than it is preparation. There is no real personal growth taking place for the doctor; he is only hiding from his identity and attempting to conceal his acts. The author’s decidedly negative view on the role of home in terms of preparation is an interesting point. Stevenson challenges the idea that a person can receive some sort of nurturing from home that would make he or she a better person overall. Instead, he paints home as something of an independent force. For people who have the innate ability to develop and grow, home can be a good place to do that. It does provide the type of repetitive environment where individuals can focus on continued good habits. The author, at least in this work, offers the opinion that home in itself is not enough to develop those who would otherwise not get development. Additionally, he paints this repetition as a bad thing in the case of Dr. Jekyll. The doctor gets into a terrible cycle where he continues to self destruct, time and again. Because home is a place where individuals are protected and where there is very little to balance out such acts, it creates an environment where people can fall into traps. Home is not nearly corrective enough in this story. With this view, Stevenson may be offering an argument that home is only a positive when the people inside the home are providing the correct amount of support. Because it can be so many things and go so many ways, home itself is truly not to blame. It is only a framework from which people are expected to work. The real blame must go on the individuals who use the home and on the people who should be providing the customary support that goes along with being at home. For Dr. Jekyll, home is his refuge, and it acts as a place that he cannot wait to return to. As the reader clearly sees in this book, the first thing that Dr. Jekyll always does after one of Mr. Hyde’s acts is that he comes back home. There are dangerous out on the streets and he could potentially get himself into trouble, but when the doctor comes back home, he has the ability to cover things up, clean behind his tracks, and turn his life into something â€Å"normal† yet again. While many things change for Jekyll over the course of the book, including his professional reputation, his personal relationships, and his ability to manage his personalities, home is something that remains constant. It is a strong place for him to come and truly dedicate his time to his craft. Despite this somewhat positive view of what home is supposed to mean, the book indicates that Jekyll feels incredibly trapped by this situation. He is actually forced to feel like a stranger within his own home, and he comes to resent it after a short while. For the longest time, Jekyll looks forward to coming home because it provides him with safety after some of the acts of Mr. Hyde. This changes as the book moves along, though. No longer is there real excitement about coming home. Instead, he comes because that is the only place that he can go. Home becomes a restrictive force, and all that is positive about it is thrown out of the window. This is the author’s critique on the place of home. In one instance, it can be a place that people need, and it can provide the framework for success. It does not take much for home to take on a negative connotation, though. Just as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde can be switched on and off in a split second, a positive view of home and a negative one can come about very quickly. The traditional view of home as a dichotomy offers the opinion that different pictures of home can be experienced by different people. For some people, home is a good thing, while it is resented by other people. Stevenson complicates this by adding an element of personal indecision on the role of home. Dr. Jekyll experiences all of these emotions within himself. His entire life is dedicated to his work in the lab and the things he has going on at home. That is truly a place of great joy and utter accomplishment for him. Later, it completely switches for him and becomes a place of death, quite literally. Not only does he kill himself right in the middle of the floor at his home, but he also sees his professional life die right in that home. People are constantly peering in, wanting to take a look at the strange and complicated Dr. Jekyll. His reputation dies and any respect that he worked so hard for in that lab goes away along with it. It is no coincidence that the author chooses the doctor’s home as the place where all of this would take place. This speaks loudly about the importance of home to a person’s development. Whether positive or negative, home does play a substantial role in shaping what a person will become. In the case of Dr. Jekyll, home is a roller coaster and home has seen the full range of experiences that he has gone through. Home, in the traditional sense, is a mostly positive place with some negative possibilities. Most authors take the view that home provides something for a person until a time comes when home is a limiting force. In this work, home is something a little bit different. Both a refuge and a place of imprisonment for Dr. Jekyll, home goes through quite a transition as the work goes along. In the end, home is a place of horrible tragedy and death, and it serves as the fitting setting of a man’s twisted, double life.

Financial Statements Paper Essay Example for Free

Financial Statements Paper Essay The statement usually includes beginning balance, net income for the current cycle, dividends disclosed in the current period and ending balance. Balance sheets detail assets and claims to assets at a distinct point in time. Claims of creditors and claims of owners are examples of claims to assets. This particular statement provides a clear outline of the financial standing of the company as a whole. The direct function of a statement of cash flow is to present financial information such as cash receipts and payments during a set point in time. This assists investors and creditors to analyze a company’s financial position.. These statements address a company’s financing, investment and operational activities. Financial statements are useful to managers as these statements are utilized to measure the performance of the organization. Sales and expenses are compared to the income statements from previous periods by management to pinpoint possible problematic areas. Major variations adjure management to thoroughly understand what the causes of those changes are. Variations in liabilities and assets are examined on the balance sheets from one cycle to the next. Any large variations need to be identified, explained and reasons established to whether the variations benefited the company, or caused a loss as consequences of problems. From this point management can make adjustments to correct any problems, or future planning, so these losses or problems do not repeat again. The benefits can be capitalized upon as well. Financial statements are useful to employees for the reason of collective bargaining, discussing compensation, and ranking. Employees also use this information as a means to determine the ability of the company to provide retirement benefits and opportunities for advancement. Financial Statements are useful to investors as they hold an interest in the profits of the company. The investors are looking for a return in the money they have invested, usually in the form of stocks, as they seek increases in stock value and profitability. Lending decisions to be made by creditors are based upon the financial statements. The creditors want to ensure that the companies they are lending the funds to have the ability to manage its finances so they are not at risk of not being able to pay back its debts. References: Kimmel, P. D. (2009). Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making (5th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database..

The Effects of Structural Adjustment Programs

The Effects of Structural Adjustment Programs INTRODUCTION At independence, most African countries had their economies rely heavily on the production of primary commodities especially agriculture. However due to a sharp increase of market prices of agricultural products such as cocoa, tea, coffee and many more in the global market in the 1970s. Many economies of African countries grew significantly for example the real GDP of Kenya grew by 6.5% a year, by about 15% in Zambia in 1964-73 (Adepoju, 1993). African governments responded to their newly acquired fortune by increasing government expenditures in their respective countries thus less government savings. As the world was plunged into the oil crisis of the 1970s, when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) increased world oil prices so as to generate more income which they invested in the banks of developed countries. As a result, these banks embarked on a mission to loan African countries so as to facilitate the purchase of products and services offered to African countries by developed industries. Therefore African countries were encouraged and manipulated into borrowing huge sums of money from western banks. However the money borrowed by African banks ended up in the pockets of corrupt government officials, unnecessary projects or on luxuries by leaders and very little was invested so as to attain sustainable economic growth (Toussaint and Comanne 1995: 15). Moreover, the loans given to African countries were accompanied with very low interest rates. However, the situation changed drastically as the United States of America and European states increased interest rates so as to stop inflation. Hence, African countries that had borrowed money from Western banks had to pay back their loans with huge amounts of interest. These culminated into inability to pay up the loans by African countries and therefore were forced to take up new loans to pay up the increased interests (George 1995: 21 cook). As a result of the need to take up new loans by developing countries, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank developed the structural adjustment programs, economic policies as condition for the provision of loans in the late 1970s. This paper will therefore aim to give a brief overview of the Structural Adjustment Programs, by putting into focus the key components and objectives of the programs. Furthermore, the paper will highlight on Structural Adjustment Programs in Kenya, the effects of the programs in Kenya and finally draw a conclusion of the overall effects of Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa. OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGAMS Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) according to leftwitch (1996) is defined as a set of institutional and economic measures intended to solve the macroeconomic problems facing developing countries by correcting a country’s borrowing deficit, reducing the intervention of governments in the economy and opening up the state’s economy to the world market. The SAPs designed by the Bretton woods institution, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and later embraced by other major international financial institutions, were believed to consist of policies that would bring about reduction of poverty and sustainable economic growth. As underlined in the World health Organization website (2014), Structural Adjustment Programs echoes the neo-liberal ideology which pushes for globalization; hence was aimed at realizing a long-term economic growth in poor countries by encouraging the restructure and reduction of government intervention in the economy. Therefore, the components Structural Adjustment Programs as advocated by the IMF and the World Bank include: the devaluation of local currency, balance of payments management, government reduction of social services through cutting of public spending, social spending and budget deficit, reduction of tax on high earners, reduction of inflation, suppression of wages, lowering of import tariffs, tightened monetary policy. Governments were also encouraged or sometimes forced to lessen their role in the economy, hence privatize state-run industries, deregulate businesses and open up their economies to foreign competition so as to increase free trade. The Structural Adjustment Programs was a financing mechanism of the international monetary fund to support macroeconomic policies and reforms in low-income countries through low interest subsidizations and loans. According to (Finch 1985 cook), Structural Adjustment Programs were intended to provide long-term solutions to economic problems facing developing countries around the world by facilitating the achievement of sustained growth and economic stability. They were also designed to eliminate unsustainable external and internal imbalances of a countries economy. Finch further argues that, the champions of SAPs, believe it was a forward-looking and long-term solution to underdevelopment in Africa and Latin America, as it seek to increase the elasticity of an economy to have the ability to respond to changes, stimulate efficiency utilization and allocation of resources, elimination of trade deficits and finally balance the expenditure and revenue of the government. Therefore the prog rams were created as a result of the failures of the Band-Aid projects and programs which mostly responded to crises instead of enchanting a pre-emptive stance which would look into preventing crises before they arise. STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN KENYA Kenya gained independence in 1963, a period when the global economy was expanding and stable. This was as a result of the high prices of primary commodities that Kenya exported for example tea and coffee, therefore the country acquired a huge sum of foreign exchange which it reserved and thus could afford to deal any instability in the economy. Consequently, it can be deduced that the first decade after Kenya gained independence was a period of high aspirations and economic prosperity (Swamy 1994). The economic sector of Kenya in the first 10 years after independence had made tremendous progress, this is depicted by the fact that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had grown by 6.6%. Hence investments and savings for its per capita income were relatively high, thus Kenya could provide a better life for its citizens. For instance there was a tremendous increase in the number of schools between 1963 and 1982. Health services were improved with an increase of hospitals leading to an increase of life expectancy from 44 years at independence to 68 years in the 1980s whereas infant mortality had dropped significantly from about 220 deaths per 1000 new born to 70 per 1000 new born. With the facts mentioned, it is evident that Kenya was actually doing better than most sub-Saharan countries (Swamy 1994:196). However, as the world went into recession in the 1970s with the inflating oil prices, Kenya economic problems started after an experiment in expansionary fiscal policies which brought about a severe rundown of reserves. Like other African countries, the 1973 oil crisis worsened the living conditions of Kenyans. The situation was worsened with the dropping of prices of Kenya’s main export products, poor technology, high population growth, drought, and collapse of East African Community. In a bid to cub to emerging economic problems, Kenya successfully applied for a structural adjustment loan from the World Bank in 1980. The loan was aimed at helping Kenya correct the economic imbalances of its economy; implement institutional reforms for a sustainable and balanced economic growth. As Mwega and Kabubo 1994 argue, the loan was meant to finance structural changes in the industrial sector, promote the efficient use of external assets and enhance effectiveness of public assets. Moreover, the loan was given with conditions which required Kenya to reduce budget deficit, promote exports, liberalize trade, reform interest rate regime and cut down its funding on social services. The first structural adjustment loan was followed by another loan in in 1982 which was intended to accomplish similar objectives as the first loan. In 1986, Kenya applied for its third structural adjustment loans was aimed at implementing reforms in the agriculture sector so as to improve production, provide finances for the importation of agricultural inputs, improve agricultural research institutes and support reforms of parastatals in the restructure of publics assets and expenditure programs (Rono, 2002). Another structural loan was signed in 1988 which introduced reforms in the social service sectors especially in health and education. The policy reforms agreed upon included the introduction of cost-sharing in the provision of social services. This is where beneficiaries of services such as education and health were to pay for them either partially or fully. The reforms forced the government to withdraw its funding from health and education. Furthermore the policies forced the g overnment to retrench many civil servants in a bid to cut down its expenditure on the salaries of civil servants (Rono, 2002). EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN KENYA Structural adjustment programs have encompassed withdrawal or reduction of government expenditures on social services and basic needs mainly in the health, agriculture and education sectors. Competition from subsidized imported goods has been a major challenge for local products in Kenya due to the competition they bring about. As a result of this, the poor are continuously being exposed to austere socio-economic risks for instance retrenchment and unemployment. The effects of structural adjustment products cut across a number of sectors in the Kenyan society, however this paper will focus on the effects of structural adjustment programs on education, health, agriculture, and politics Education After independence, Kenya had been making remarkable progress in the education sector. This being measured by the number of education institutions, the rate of enrollment in universities, secondary and primary school, in addition to this, is also the level of literacy rate in the country. Education, at the time of independence was an inspiration to the human capital ideology, therefore was regarded as an important tool for economic and socio-political transformations for post-colonial Kenya. Hence the government took the sole responsibility of financing, controlling and providing free education to the citizens (Obamba, 2009). Education being given its due importance by the government, its key feature was the rapid growth of enrollment at every level of education institutions, leading to an increase in educational expenditure. For example, recurrent expenditure on education amplified from 15% in 1960s to about 40% in 1980s (Rono, 2002). However in the 1980s, after the Kenyan government started taking structural adjustment loans, there was significant swing in government funding of higher education arose due to the emergence of neoliberal economic policies of the structural adjustment programs that played a major role in policy-making of higher education. The government was forced to withdraw funding on education and further introduced tuition cost-sharing tuition fees (Obamba, 2009). The introduction of school fees led to an increased number of school dropouts, low enrollment, underdevelopment and inequality in that only the children of well off Kenyans could afford education at the expense of the poor Kenyan families. The students who failed to complete their education, failed to get employed hence the continuous degradation of standard of living in Kenya (Rono, 2002). Health Health being an important aspect of the socio-economic development of a country, Kenya after its independence embarked to address the issues of inequality brought about by the colonial development and administration. Therefore, the provision of health to all the citizens was a priority of the government. This commitment was evident with the fact that, the government provided free health services to members of the public. Moreover the public was encouraged to take part in construction of clinics, hospitals and medical training. This increased health personnel and medical structures in the country. As a result, life expectancy increased from 44 years at independence to 68 years in the 1980s whereas infant mortality dropped significantly from about 220 deaths per 1000 new born to 70 per 1000 new born (Rono, 2002). However, the economic pressures brought about in the 1980s by the structural adjustment programs placed a lot of pressure on the government’s expenditure. Subsequently, the government responded by cutting down on social services especially in health. The government introduced cost sharing whereby the beneficiaries of health services were to pay some amount of money before receiving health services for the medication and the government catering the cost of medical personnel. Thereafter medical quality has been deteriorating, thus affecting Kenyans and especially the poor and the vulnerable groups. This has led to the reduction of life expectancy rate of 68 years in the 1970s to 61 years in 2012 (Data: Life expectancy at birth, total (years), 2014) . Agriculture The structural adjustment programs on agriculture were meant to introduce reforms that would provide incentives of increased production to farmers. Although, there were improved policy reforms on implementation, agriculture and food production has been declining. SAPs were meant to remove government control and monopoly in agricultural products marketing, pricing, imports and distribution. Decontrol of prices, trade liberalization and deregulation of market encouraged the participation of the private sector in the production and distribution of agricultural products. However trade liberalization worked out to be a disadvantage of local farmers as it allowed for cheaper imports of subsidized agricultural commodities from western countries. This culminated in the collapse of certain agricultural industries in Kenya for example cotton (Nyangito, 2003). Politics Structural adjustment programs have had a mixed impact on the political arena of Kenya. It would be unfair to overlook the positive effects the programs have had on politics in the country. It is true to say that the program enforced by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ushered in of political pluralism, greater democracy, respect for human rights and accountability of the government to the citizens. However the positive effects came accompanied with a list of negative impacts too. The programs are accused of heightening tribal tensions, polarizing communities and further increased ferocious ethnic clashes that have resulted in the death of hundreds of people and a lot being displaced as well. Moreover, the programs are said to have lessened national leaders to tribal chiefs leading to the infusion of tribalism in all sectors of development thus being an obstacle to growth and development (Rono, 2002). CONCLUSION Within the African context, the impacts of the structural adjustment programs have been a controversial issue. Presently, just about 20 years after the programs were introduced in Africa, they continue to be detested by the people because they were conveyed by a number of conditions that have worsened the living conditions of Africans. Scholars have argued that these conditions are based on economic models that are not fit for the social structure and situation of Africa. The programs were intended to improve the economy in the long run but in the short run, the social aspect of human development especially in the provision of social services has been ignored and suffered tremendously. African scholars should therefore with solutions to counter the problem brought about by structural adjustment programs rather than letting western scholars experiment programs with no reference to the social-cultural background of Africans. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adepoju, A. (1993). The Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Population of Africa. In A. Adepoju, The Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Population of Africa (pp. 1-6). London: Villiers Publication. Data: Life expectancy at birth, total (years). (2014, November 21). Retrieved from The World Bank Group : http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN Leftwich, A. (1996). â€Å"Two Cheers for Democracy? Democracy and the Developmental State.† In Leftwich, A. (ed) Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice. Polity Press: Cambridge. Mwega, F.W. and Ndulu K. (1994). Economic Adjustment Policies. In Barkan, J.D. Beyond Capitalism verses Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania, Nairobi, East African Educational Publishers. Nyangito, H.O. (2003). Agricultural Trade Reforms in Kenya under the World Trade Organization Framework. KIPPRA PP No. 25 Obamba, M. O. (2009). Myth and ceremony: Contested Marketization and Internationalization Regimes in Kenyas Higher education. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 7(3), 125–149. Programs:World Health Organisation. (2014, November 21). Retrieved from World Health Organisation: http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story084/en/ Rono, J. K. (2002). The Impact of the Structural Adjustment Programmes on Kenyan Society. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 17(1), 81-98. Swammy, G. (1994). Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies, Washington, DC, the World Bank Toussaint, E. and Comanne, D. (1995): Globalization and Debt. Notebooks for Study and Research 24/25. 1